Bacterial Spotlight: All About Bifidobacteria

What is Bifidobacteria?

Bifidobacteria is one of the first types of bacteria to establish in your gut. It is there since infancy and drops as we age, so it is often used as a marker of gut health and healthy ageing. It is often found in the large intestine (colon), where they break down the fibre you and produce short-chain fatty acids and vitamins, while keeping harmful bacteria is check. As one of the most studied groups, they are a common ingredient you can find in probiotic foods and supplements. 

The origins of Bifidobacteria

Bifidobacterium is a group of bacteria made up of dozens of specific species. They live mainly in the large intestine, where there is little oxygen, which suits them because they are anaerobic. The name comes from their shape: many cells split into a Y, or "bifid", form. They were first isolated in 1899 from the stool of a breastfed infant.

What does Bifidobacteria do?

The functions below are shared across most of the genus. Specific species and strains vary in how strongly they carry each one.

• They break down carbohydrates you can't digest. A large share of Bifidobacterial genes is devoted to breaking down complex carbohydrates. These include dietary fibres, resistant starch and, in infants, breast milk sugars
  Why it matters: They help to break down the fibre that you typically cannot use into compounds that you can.
• They feed other beneficial bacteria. Bifidobacteria produce acetate and lactate. Neighbouring bacteria such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii convert these into butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that fuels the cells lining the colon. This relay is called cross-feeding.
  Why it matters: Butyrate is the main energy source for the cells lining your colon. A well-nourished lining forms a tighter barrier between your gut contents and bloodstream, to keep harmful pathogens out. Butyrate also helps the gut develop regulatory immune cells that keep inflammation in check.
• They help keep harmful bacteria in check. Acetate and lactate lower the pH of the gut, which makes it less hospitable to many pathogens.
  Why it matters: Normally, your gut is already occupied by your community of bacteria. However, in the case where your gut is disrupted by antibiotics or a stomach bug, this protection becomes important.
• They produce B vitamins. Some strains make folate (vitamin B9) and other B vitamins.
  Why it matters: Your body uses folate to make DNA and new cells, including the cells lining your colon that replace themselves every few days.
• They help shape the immune system early in life. Infants with low Bifidobacteria have been observed to show more signs of gut inflammation. Bifidobacterial metabolites appear to help steer the developing immune system toward tolerance.
  Why it matters: The first months of life are when the immune system learns which substances to tolerate, and which to fight. Getting the right balance early helps the immune system respond to infections without overreacting to everything else.

For the curious: the bifid shunt. Bifidobacteria ferment sugars through a pathway unique to the genus, called the "bifid shunt". It produces acetate and lactate in a ratio of roughly 3 to 2, which is why these two compounds sit at the centre of Bifidobacteria's effects on the gut.

What affects your levels of Bifidobacteria?

1. Birth and infancy. Babies born by caesarean section start with lower Bifidobacteria, though most of the difference narrows by weaning. Breastfeeding is one of the strongest drivers in infancy, because breast milk contains sugars that certain Bifidobacteria are adapted to digest.
2. Age. Bifidobacteria dominate the infant gut, settle at a small percentage in adults and tend to decline in later life.
3. Background and diet. Levels differ between populations. Studies of healthy Japanese adults, for example, have found higher Bifidobacteria than in many Western populations.

How to increase Bifidobacteria naturally?

Eat prebiotic fibres

Prebiotic fibres are the most consistent way to raise Bifidobacteria. A meta-analysis of fibre trials in healthy adults found that fructans (inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides) and galacto-oligosaccharides reliably increased Bifidobacteria. Rich food sources include:

• Chicory root and Jerusalem artichoke
• Garlic, onions and leeks
• Asparagus
• Slightly green bananas
• Legumes, including chickpeas and lentils

Increase fibre gradually. A sudden jump can cause gas and bloating while your gut bacteria adjust.

Include resistant starch

Resistant starch escapes digestion in the small intestine and reaches the colon, where starch-degrading species such as B. adolescentis feed on it. In one trial, a type of resistant starch found in green bananas and raw potato starch raised B. adolescentis levels. Rice, potatoes and pasta that are cooked and then cooled also develop resistant starch, which makes day-old rice a simple option.

Add polyphenol-rich foods

Polyphenols are plant compounds found in cocoa, tea, berries and other fruits and vegetables. Most pass through to the colon, where gut bacteria break them down. In a four-week trial, a high-flavanol cocoa drink increased Bifidobacteria compared with a low-flavanol version. This is a less established approach than fibre, but it adds to the case for a varied, plant-rich diet.

Consider fermented foods and probiotics

Some yoghurts, fermented milks and supplements contain Bifidobacteria. Choose products that name the specific strain on the label. Most probiotic strains don't settle in the gut permanently. They are detectable while you take them and tend to fade after you stop, so their effects depend on regular use.

Use antibiotics only when you need them

Antibiotics reduce many gut bacteria, including Bifidobacteria. Most species recover within weeks, though some can stay absent for months. Take antibiotics only when a doctor prescribes them, and complete the course as instructed. Afterwards, a fibre-rich diet gives recovering bacteria what they need to regrow.

Be consistent

Your gut bacteria respond to what you eat over months, and gains from prebiotics tend to fade when you stop. How much you respond may also depend on which bacteria you already have. In a Stanford trial, participants' microbiomes responded differently to a high-fibre diet depending on their starting composition. A gut microbiome test can show where you're starting from.

Why the strain name matters

Probiotic labels name bacteria at up to four levels: genus, species, subspecies and strain. For example: Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624. Two strains of the same species can behave differently in the body, so clinical results for one strain don't carry over to another. When you compare products, look for the full strain code on the label.

How do I know if I have enough Bifidobacteria?

You can't tell from how you feel. Gut symptoms such as bloating or irregular bowel movements have many possible causes, and low Bifidobacteria has no symptom pattern of its own. The only way to know your levels is to measure them with a gut microbiome test, which analyses the bacteria in a stool sample.

There is also no single number that counts as "enough" for everyone. Levels vary naturally with age, diet and background, so a test compares your result with a reference population. The closer that population is to you, the more meaningful the comparison. AMILI's reference database is built on Asian gut microbiomes, so your results are compared with people whose diets and backgrounds are closer to your own.

A low reading is one data point to interpret together with the rest of your results and your health history. Low Bifidobacteria can contribute to gut imbalance, and it can also be a consequence of it, so the wider picture matters.

Frequently asked questions

What are Bifidobacteria?
A genus of bacteria that live mainly in the large intestine. They are among the first bacteria to colonise the infant gut.

Are Bifidobacteria good for you?
They are widely considered beneficial, and higher levels are generally associated with a healthier gut. Probiotic use in premature infants or people with weakened immune systems should be under medical supervision.

How can I increase my Bifidobacteria?
Eat prebiotic fibres such as inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides, found in onions, garlic, legumes and whole grains. You can also consume probiotic foods or supplements that name a Bifidobacterium strain.

Which Bifidobacterium species is best?
It depends on what you want to support. Benefits in clinical studies are specific to individual strains, so the strain named on the label matters most.

What is the difference between Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus?
Both are used widely in probiotics. Bifidobacteria live mainly in the large intestine and dominate the infant gut. Lactobacilli are lactic acid producers found through the gut and in fermented foods such as yoghurt. In 2020, the Lactobacillus group was reclassified into 25 genera, so many familiar strains now carry new names, such as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus.

This article is for general information and isn't a substitute for personalised medical advice. If you have ongoing gut symptoms, speak with a doctor.

Last updated: 25 September

About the author

Yuzu Tay holds a bachelor's in biomedical engineering and writes on the science behind the latest in healthcare, translating clinical research into practical guidance. Her past work spans cancer companion diagnostics, liver fibrosis, and gut health.

References

1. Arboleya, S., Watkins, C., Stanton, C. and Ross, R.P. (2016) 'Gut Bifidobacteria populations in human health and aging', Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1204. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01204
2. Belenguer, Alvaro, et al. "Two routes of metabolic cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium adolescentis and butyrate-producing anaerobes from the human gut." Applied and environmental microbiology 72.5 (2006): 3593-3599.
3. Furusawa, Yukihiro, et al. "Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells." Nature 504.7480 (2013): 446-450.
4. Henrick, Bethany M., et al. "Bifidobacteria-mediated immune system imprinting early in life." Cell184.15 (2021): 3884-3898.
5. LeBlanc, Jean Guy, et al. "Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective." Current opinion in biotechnology 24.2 (2013): 160-168.
6. Nishijima, Suguru, et al. "The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness." DNA research 23.2 (2016): 125-133.
7. O'callaghan, Amy, and Douwe Van Sinderen. "Bifidobacteria and their role as members of the human gut microbiota." Frontiers in microbiology 7 (2016): 925.
8. Palleja, Albert, et al. "Recovery of gut microbiota of healthy adults following antibiotic exposure." Nature microbiology 3.11 (2018): 1255-1265.
9. Pompei, Anna, et al. "Folate production by bifidobacteria as a potential probiotic property." Applied and environmental microbiology 73.1 (2007): 179-185.
10. Rivière, Audrey, et al. "Bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria: importance and strategies for their stimulation in the human gut." Frontiers in microbiology 7 (2016): 979.
11. Shao, Yan, et al. "Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth." Nature 574.7776 (2019): 117-121.
12. So, Daniel, et al. "Dietary fiber intervention on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis." The American journal of clinical nutrition 107.6 (2018): 965-983.
13. Stewart, Christopher J., et al. "Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study." Nature 562.7728 (2018): 583-588.
14. Tzounis, Xenofon, et al. "Prebiotic evaluation of cocoa-derived flavanols in healthy humans by using a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover intervention study." The American journal of clinical nutrition 93.1 (2011): 62-72.